Therefore, it is crucial to discover small molecules that improve the performance of PSCs. (38) Compared with large Lewis-base molecules, small Lewis-base molecules might easily diffuse into the interior of bulk perovskites and hence are efficient for bulk defect passivation, whereas they can easily escape from the crystal, unable to passivate defects. (15,21−26) Particularly, Lewis-base molecules contain N, (27−29) S, (27,28,30−32) O, (33−35) and P (36,37) and hence can donate nonbonding electrons, reacting with and passivating undercoordinated Pb 2+ ions or Pb clusters, which act as a nonradiative recombination center and induce perovskite phase degradation by reacting with O 2 and H 2O. Many researchers have explored defect passivation through molecular interactions between defects and various functional groups. Meanwhile, defects in perovskites are responsible for nonradiative recombination, (20) and thus, their passivation has attracted much attention for use in suppressing defect-induced PSC degradation. In addition, an isoxazole-doped device sustained 94% of its initial performance after 8 days under ambient air conditions (10 ± 5 RH %, 25 ☌), whereas a device without isoxazole doping only maintained 64% of its initial performance. When the optimized concentration of isoxazole was doped in the MAPbI 3 precursor, the power conversion efficiency increased from 15.6 to 17.5%, with an improved fill factor and short-circuit current density. We found that isoxazole interacted with undercoordinated Pb 2+ ions from an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy survey and verified that isoxazole doping improved the device performance. In this study, we used isoxazole─a Lewis-base small molecule─as an additive for the CH 3NH 3PbI 3 (MAPbI 3) precursor and explored how isoxazole effectively passivates defects in the perovskite structure. Additive doping into perovskite precursors has been widely used to improve the PSC performance. The HS has an even greater tear and puncture strength than the string reinforced option.To improve perovskite solar cell (PSC) performance, which is deeply related to perovskite layer quality, researchers have explored numerous strategies. In addition, 100% of the surface area is protected by reinforcements made from strengthened polyethylene. And this crawl space liner is seamless with no welds or panels. This features gives the liner added strength. The High Strength SilverBack™ HS crawl space liner is designed with pure polyethylene ribbons that are cross-woven. This unique process makes this crawl space liner extremely tear resistant, waterproof, and incredibly dependable. This reinforcement layer gives the SilverBack™ a diamond shaped pattern. This reinforcement cord is molten in place with a layer of pure polyethylene. String Reinforced SilverBack™ SR crawl space liner is reinforced with a polyester cord. The SilverBack™ crawl space liner has a glossy white facing and a silver back. Both of these crawl space liners are offered in 12 Mil and 20 Mil thicknesses. Both are made with pure polyethylene and contain no unnecessary additives. The SilverBack™ crawl space liner comes in two different forms, String Reinforced (SR) and High Strength (HS).
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